La Petanca, història de

La petanca, és un esport disputat entre dos jubilats o dos equips de majors de 65 anys que consisteix a fer rodar unes boles fins a situar-les al més a prop possible del bolig, no confondre amb el boli Bic. Guanya l'avi o parella d'avis que s'hi aproxima més.

El joc de boles és tan antic com els jocs en boles o la civilització del lleure, passant d'Egipte a Grècia, amb una petita parada a Lesbos, illa de les boles i les lesbis, on hauria estat introduït en diversos forats, fins arribar a la Gàl·lia, lloc d'origen del grup armat GAL. Les boles foren primerament d'argila, de pedra, després de fusta, d'acer i finalment de plàstic plenes d'aigua. Però, després dels jugadors de boles de l'Edat Mitjana, l'Edat d'Or de les boles de qualsevol tipus fou certament la Renaixença quan la noblesa s'ampara tant del joc com del bilboquet i del joc de palma (que esdevindrà el tennis). No se sap per quin motiu, semblaria que el joc de boles hagués estat prohibit a França des del 1629 fins a la Revolució francesa. Es creu que va ser prohibit degut al lloc on les franceses guardaven les boles de petanca. Les reivindicacions populars burgeses per a poder recuperar la petanca van donar resultats el 1789, amb la Revolució.

El mot petanca, que prové del llati "peta" que vol dir rebentar, i "anca" que vol dir cames, entrecuix, deu el seu nom a la hipòtesis de les dones franceses que amagaven les boles dins el seu potorrín, en francès le cheau-cheau. Caldrà tanmateix esperar el primer concurs oficial a la Ciutat el 1910 perquè el mot siga oficialitzat.

Why Do People Have Sex? Researchers Explore 237 Reasons.

AUSTIN, Texas—Many scientists assume people have sex for simple and straightforward reasons such as to experience sexual pleasure or to reproduce, but new research at The University of Texas at Austin reveals hundreds of varied and complex motivations that range from the spiritual to the vengeful.
After conducting one of the most comprehensive studies on why people have sex, psychology researchers David Buss and Cindy Meston uncovered 237 motivations, which appear in the August issue of Archives of Sexual Behavior.
People's motivations ranged from the mundane ("I was bored") to the spiritual ("I wanted to feel closer to God") and from the altruistic ("I wanted the person to feel good about himself/herself") to the manipulative ("I wanted to get a promotion").
Some said they had sex to feel powerful, others to debase themselves. Some wanted to impress their friends, others to harm their enemies ("I wanted to break up a rival's relationship").
Buss and Meston conducted two studies. In the first, they asked more than 400 men and women to identify reasons people have sex. In the second, the researchers asked more than 1,500 undergraduate students about their experiences and attitudes.
The Texas psychologists identified four major factors and 13 sub-factors for why people have sex:
Physical reasons such as to reduce stress ("It seemed like good exercise"), feel pleasure ("It's exciting"), improve or expand experiences ("I was curious about sex"), and the physical desirability of their partner ("The person was a good dancer").
Goal-based reasons, including utilitarian or practical considerations ("I wanted to have a baby"), social status ("I wanted to be popular") and revenge ("I wanted to give someone else a sexually transmitted disease").
Emotional reasons such as love and commitment ("I wanted to feel connected") and expression ("I wanted to say 'thank you'").
Insecurity-based reasons, including self-esteem ("I wanted the attention"), a feeling of duty or pressure ("My partner kept insisting") and to guard a mate ("I wanted to keep my partner from straying").
"Why people have sex is extremely important, but rarely studied," Buss said. "Surprisingly, many scientists assume the answer is obvious, but people have different reasons for having sex, some of which are rather complex."

For more information contact: David Buss, professor, Department of Psychology, 512-475-8489; Cindy Meston, associate professor, Department of Psychology, 512-232-4644; Christian Clarke Casarez, director of public affairs, College of Liberal Arts, 512-471-4945.

Font: Universitat de Texas